ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT: WATER RECLAMATION

In keeping with the desirability of using bioregenerative systems for CELSS, the primary thrust in advanced water reclamation technology is in the area of bioreactors. A major effort in this area has been been made over the past several years in the Hybrid Regenerative Water Recovery Development Laboratory at NASA-JSC.

Owing to the vulnerability of systems dependent upon living organisms, physico-chemical water recovery methods will be required as back-up systems for use during long duration missions. A variety of electrochemical, membrane, sorption, and catalytic processes have been investigated. References to both bioregenerative and physico-chemical water recovery processes are given below.

REFERENCES

BIOREACTORS

Edeen, M.A., Kumagai, G.H., Dittmer, L.N., Landau, L.M., Schweickart, R.W., and McFadden, C.D., Advances in Development of Bioreactor Technology for a Regenerative Life Support Primary Water Processor, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 951740, presented at 25th International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 10-13, 1995.

Elvira, J., Godia, F., Cairo, J., Montesinos, J.L., Riu, P., Bragos, R., and Tamponnet, C., Control of Biological Life Support Systems: Development of Non-Invasive, Direct Monitoring of Free and Immobilised Biomass Concentration in a Bioreactor, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 951497, presented at 25th International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 10-13, 1995.

Fortson, R.E., Bledsoe, J.O., and Sager, J.C., Condensate, Recycling in Closed Plant Growth Chambers, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 941543, presented at 24th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Germany, 1994.

Johnson, A.H., Bounds, B.K., and Gardner, W., Assessment of Internal Contamination Problems Associated with Bioregenerative Air/Water Purification Systems, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 901379, presenated 20th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, Williamsburg, VA, July 9-12, 1990.

Kumagai, G.H., Dittmer, L.N., Landau, L.M., Zinger, E.F., St. Martin, E.J., McFadden, C.D., and Edeen, M.A., Computer Modeling and Experimental Investigations of a Regenerative Life Support Wastewater Bioreactor, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 951463, presented at 25th International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, July 10-13, 1995.

McFadden, C.D., Schweickart, R.W., and Kumagai, G.H., System Level Model Development of a Biological Primary Water Processor, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 951465, presented at 25th International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, July 10-13, 1995.

Miller, G.P., Portier, R.J., and Sleeper, H.L., Further Applications of the Use of Biological Reactors to Remove Trace Hydrocarbon Contaminants from Recycled Water, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 921273, presented 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA, July 13-16, 1992.

Miller, G.P., Portier, R.J., Dickey, D.P., and Sleeper, H.L., Using Biological Reactors to Remove Trace Hydrocarbon Contaminants from Recycled Water, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 911504, presented 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, CA, July 15-18, 1991.

Petrie, G.E., and Nacheff-Benedict, M.S., Development of Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Technology for Water Reclamation in a Regenerative Life Support System, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 911503, presented at 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, July 15-18, 1991.

Schweickart, R.W., and McFadden, C.D., Bioregeneratifve Waste Water Reclamation Using an Activated Sludge Waste Water Processor with Cross-Flow Filtration Biomass Recycle, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 961571, presented 26th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Monterey, CA, July 8-11, 1996.

Supra, L.N., Kumagai, G.H., Landau, L.M., Zinger, E.F., McFadden, C.D., and Schweickart, R., Advancements in Regenerative Life Support Waste Water Bioprocessing Technology, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 961572, presented 26th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Monterey, CA, July 8-11, 1996.

Verostko, C.E., Edeen, M.A., and Packham, N.J.C., A Hybrid Regenerative Water Recovery System for Lunar/Mars Life Support Applications, SAE Technical Paper Series 921276, presented at 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, July 13-16, 1992.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL METHODS

Akse, J.R., Atwater, J.E., Schussel, L.J., Thompson, J.O., Garmon, F., Verostko, C.E., and Flynn, M., Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Aqueous Phase Catalytic Oxidation, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 961521, presented at 26th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Monterey, CA, July 8-11,1996.

Akse, J.R., Atwater, J.E., Thompson, J.O., and Wheeler, R.R., Jr., A Breadboard Electrochemical Water Recovery System for Producing Potable Water from Composite Wastewater Generated in Enclosed Habitats, in Water Purification by Photocatalytic, Photochemical, and Electrochemical Processes, Rose, T.L., Conway, B.E., Murphy, O.J., and Rudd, E.J, Eds., Electrochemical Society, 1994.

Akse, J.R., Atwater, J.E., Schussel, L.J., and Verostko, C.E., Development and Fabrication of a Breadboard Electrochemical Water Recovery System, SAE Trans. J. Aerosp., 102 (1), 513-529, 1993.

Ashida, A., Mitani, K., Kurokawa, H., Sawa, T., and Nitta, K., Water Recycling System for CELSS Environment in Space, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 901208, presented at 20th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Williamsburg, VA, July 9-12, 1990.

Barreau, J.M., Bouet, T., Gavach, C., Seta, J., Amblard, P., and Bouisson, X., Chemical Resistance of Electrodialysis Membranes for their Utilisation in a Water Recycling System, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 921402, presented 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA, July 13-16, 1992.

Flynn, M.T., Amo, K., Hightower, T.M., and Fisher, J., Water Reclamation Technology Development for Future Long Range Missions, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 921351, presented 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA, July 13-16, 1992.

Friedman, M.A., Styczynski, T.E., Schwartzkopf, S.H., Tleimat, B.W., and Tleimat, M.C., Gray Water Recycling with a Unique Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD) Design, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 921318, presented 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA, July 13-16, 1992.

Funabashi, K., Kurokawa, H., Yoshioko, C., Sugawara, S., Abe, R., Nitta, K., and Ashida, A., Mineral Recovery System in a CEEF (2), SAE Technical Paper Series No. 951581, presented at 25th International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 10-13, 1995.

Gienger, J.K., Ray, R.J., McCray, S.B., and Putnam, D.F., A Novel Membrane-Based Water- Reclamation Posttreatment Unit, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 891458, presented 19th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 24-26, 1989.

Hermann, C.C., High-Recovery Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 921353, presented 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA, July 13-16, 1992.

Hermann, C.C., and Wydeven, T., Physical/Chemical Closed-loop Water-recycling for Long- duration Missions, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 901446, presenated 20th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, Williamsburg, VA, July 9-12, 1990.

Janik, D.S., DeMarco, J., Krishnan, S., and Benson, B., Preliminary Assessment of Biologically- Reclaimed Water, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 911326, presented 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, CA, July 15-18, 1991.

Jolly, C.D., Schussel, L.J., and Carter, D.L., Advanced Development of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 911505, presented 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, CA, July 15-18, 1991.

Jolly, C.D., and Bagdigian, R.M., Application of Biocatalysts to Space Station ECLSS and PMSS Water Reclamation, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 891442, presented 19th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 24-26, 1989.

Kaba, L., Hitchens, G.D., Murphy, O.J., and Verostko, C.E., Development of a Proton-Exchange Membrane Electrochemical Reclaimed Water Post-Treatment System, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 911538, presented 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, CA, July 15-18, 1991.

Kurokawa, H., Sawa, T., Ashida, A., Hamano, N., Oguchi, M., and Nitta, K., Mineral Recovery Systems for Humans in a CELSS, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 921237, presented 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA, July 13-16, 1992.

Okazaki, H., Matsumoto, H., Kakimoto, A., and Matsumoto, H., Applicability of Membrane Distillation Method to Space Experimental Waste Water Treatment, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 891578, presented 19th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 24-26, 1989.

Putnam, D.F., Colombo, G.V., and Chullen, C.., Pre and Post-Treatment Techniques for Spacecraft Water Recovery, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 860982, presented 16th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 14-16, 1986.

Ray. R.J., Retzlaff, S.E., Radke-Mitchell, L., Newbold, D.D., and Price, D.F., A Membrane- Based Subsystem for Very High Recoveries of Spacecraft Waste Waters, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 860984, presented 16th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 14-16, 1986.

Rogers, T.D., Hitchens, G.D., Salinas, C.E., Murphy, O.G., and Whitford, H.W., Water Purification, Microbiological Control, Sterilization and Organic Waste Decomposition Using an Electrochemical Advanced Ozonation Process, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 921234, presented 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA, July 13-16, 1992.

Schussel, L.J., and Atwater, J.E., A Continuous Alcohol Oxidase Bioreactor for Regenerative Life Support, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 18 (3), 229-235, 1996.

Schussel, L.J., and Atwater, J.E., A Urease Bioreactor for Water Reclamation Aboard Spacecraft, Chemosphere, 30 (5), 985-994, 1995.

Snowdon, D., Shower Water Recovery by UF/RO, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 911455, presented 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, CA, July 15- 18, 1991.

Verostko, C.E., Murphy, O.J., Hitchens, G.D., Salinas, C.E., and Rogers, T.D., Post-Treatment of Reclaimed Waste Water Based on an Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 921275, presented 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA, July 13-16, 1992.

Verostko, C.E., Garcia, R., Sauer, R.L., Reysa, R.P., Linton, A.T., and Elms, T., Test Results on Reuse of Reclaimed Shower Water - A Summary, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 891443, presented 19th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 24-26, 1989.

Verostko, C.E., Price, D.F., Garcia, R., Pierson, D.L., Sauer, R.L., and Reysa, R.P., Test Results of Shower Water Recovery System, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 871512, presented at 17th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA, July 1987.

Verostko, C.E., Garcia, R., Pierson, D.L., Reysa, R.P., and Irbe, R., Results on Reuse of Reclaimed Shower Water, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 860983, presented 16th Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, San Diego, CA, July 14-16,1986.

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Copyright © 1996, James E. Atwater