1. C. This is what is meant by 'scientific' today. Please notice, also, that until this point in history, 'scientists' of those days refused to accept that earth was not the center of the Universe! In spite of numerous evidence available. (Well, they weren't allowed to 'accept' too much either ...)
   
2. A. A vector is a 'quantity' (a number) that has a direction associated with it. "100m east" (for example) – not just "100m" !
   
3. E. (It does have something to do with the gravity, of course ... but what the answer "A" offers is incorrect: mass is not "a measure" of it.)
4. C. (Clearly, I hope.) The rest are the actual three laws, in their common forms (ways of stating them).
5. B This is the statement of the law: the force is equal to the rate of change of momentum – which is a vector; thus a change in direction means that there is a force acting.
6. C. The reaction to the exhaust gases pushing out of the rocket, into the air.
7. B. It's been hit and now it's moving; there is gravity, and there is air resistance. There is no such thing as a "force of the hit."
8. A, B, C, D. One of the curiosities of the gravity: drop a stone and a feather and they'll fall equally – it will take them the same time to reach the ground. (When there is no air resistance; rather sophisticated experiments of this kind have in fact been done.) Of course, this is something one would actually have to calculate. Please think about other answers offered. It is the gravitational force acting – and this does depend on mass ! How's the acceleration then ? The motion depends on the mass too (the second Newton's law), and the masses 'cancel' (in the equation), so the acceleration ends up not depending on the mass of the object falling; we actually did this in the class ! (And then one can see that the time is the same.) And so the speed is the same. Velocity cannot differ since they fall in the same direction. (Recall that velocity is often taken to be speed but with the direction.) This is a typical question that is a 'little' problematic in how it is formulated – and a bit too difficult I'd say. But it is instructive! And not for this exam.)
9. D. Hopefully you have actually seen this. It is the application of the above question: mass doesn't matter (for this).
10. E. This is a loose description of the formula, plus one consequence (C).
11. C and E ! Both going directly against basics of the energy conservation law. (In the exam, only one answer would be required.)
12. C. We are bad ... but it has to do with physics, too.
13. D. The "second law of thermodynamics."
14. C.
15. All of them are true! Again, a trick that won't happen at the exam. But it was worth emphasizing: these are different formulations of the (2nd and 3rd) laws of thermodynamics.
16. A. The first law of thermodynamics, extending the conservation of energy to all phenomena; an extremely important milestone in the development of (modern!) physics. The other two answers go right against it.
17. Say, solar and wind. Not oil, coal!
18. B. The others are some most important aspects of what is considered science: as simple as possible, testable (of course!), not based on 'higher powers' of any kind. We do understand that our theories fall short of giving 'true' answers; they keep evolving, the whole history of science is about this. And it may, and it often does, take one result to show that a theory has loopholes.